DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF EFFORT-RELATED CHOICE BEHAVIOR AS ASSESSED BY A PROGRESSIVE RATIO CHOW FEEDING CHOICE TASK: PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is involved in behavioral activation and effort-related processes.Rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements, and instead select less effortful food-seeking behaviors.In the present study, the effects of several drug treatments we

The increased focus and agreement on the requirement for the planet to be more sustainable has led to an array of new research and financial products.The Solutions new buzz phrase is transition financing which is being seen as the path to achieving a sustainable world.The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the Organisation for Economic Co-op

Globally, China is one of the largest producers and exporters of meat, and animal welfare is an emerging focal issue for Chinese society and for primary producers.We assessed the effectiveness of a “train the trainer” program to increase awareness of animal welfare issues in stakeholders COMPLX5 GRAPE in the livestock industries of Chin

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance has become a global health emergency and is contributed to by inappropriate antibiotic use in community clinical settings.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial use pattern in infants from birth until 18 months of age in Indonesia.MethodsA post-hoc analysis was conducted in 1621 participants from

Abstract Background Molecular genetic approaches have become vital to understanding the evolutionary processes that act on insect pest populations.From mapping the development of resistance to monitoring and predicting pest movement, genomic tools can inform and enhance pest management programs.Here, we used whole genome sequencing population genom